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单片机单板机自上世纪70年代问世至今，一直是各类仪器的控制核心，其自身性能也在不断提高，由此带来的仪器设计水平的提高不言而喻。同时，单片机单板机的开发应用随之也更加专业化。上世纪80-90年代Z80，C51，M6800等8位机的软硬件开发就已须要专门训练，近年来16位以上CPU的开发已远非以前八位机简单易行。 　　本文探究了一种简捷易行的仪器开发方法，在开发过程中避免了繁厄的嵌入式芯片的软硬件开发。因此不但简化了开发过程，缩短了开发时间，减少开发成本，同时也降低了开发专业技术门限。本文以一种复杂的自动精密分析仪器-生化分析仪为例，对使用国产HOLLiAS LM 小型PLC为核心的设计开发方案进行详细探讨。在提出这个技术设想之前，从设计方法学，技术可行性以及性能价格比几方面对此技术设想的合理性进行透视。在充分理解了技术设想的可操作性之后，再对具体实施的细节进行详细全面的描述。 　　一、传统仪器设计过程回顾 　　现代化的自动仪器设备均具有如下几方面的性能和特点 　　前端的信号检测，适时数据采集，数据处理，实现其功能的光机电一体化的自动装置，以及人机操作界面，除此之外还必须有完备的上下位机的控制程序软件包。为实现以上几个方面的性能，以高性能的微处理器为基础的嵌入式单板机就似乎成为迄今仪器设计的选择。 　　从而，在仪器具体的性能要求确定以后，单板机的软硬件设计制造工作就进入议事日程。这项工作是非常专业和浩繁的，比较小的公司不可能储备如此多的专业技术人员，所以靠自身的技术力量是无法完成的。为此就必须支付高昂的设计开发费用，而且，整机软硬件及外部设备的联调也需要大量的时间以及返工和重新设计。同样，大公司也并非不存在类似问题。特别是在新技术新方法摸索创新的样机试制阶段。 　　二、新设计方案的提出和可行性分析与单板机方案比较 　　所谓的新方案的概念源于个人的专业技术经历和接触不同的技术领域，笔者分别从事过精密仪器设计和工业自动化领域的工作，PLC技术，特别是国产HOLLiAS LM 系列小型PLC的性能给我一个在精密仪器设计方案上重新审视的技术空间。 　　从设计方法学的角度来看待设计问题，全世界没有谁规定自动仪器一定要以单板机为核心，只要能够实现倾向用户使用要求　　的仪器设计就是成功的产品，换句话说用户和使用者不关心仪器的设计过程和内部构造，他们只关心仪器的性能价格比。而作为设计人员，我们所要考虑的是所有可以实现预期性能的设计方案和手段以及技术途径，这样较为符合设计方法学的思想方法和设计规程。 　　考虑技术可行性，先来看一下电子控制的硬件要求，一般地，系统需要有高性能的CPU，一定数量的内存，DI，DO，AI，AO，与人机界面的通讯端口，以及根据具体运行要求所编制的程序。这些工作对一个单板机或DSP系统来说，无异于编制一套专用小型操作系统。在硬件上甚至往往需要设计单板机或DSP的PCB板，在SMT技术的今天设计完善这样的系统也非易事，调试的问题不用说，甚至一两个DI的扩展，都需要重新设计改动PCB板。 

Since the single-chip microcomputer came out in the 1970s, it has always been the control core of all kinds of instruments, and its own performance is also improving. The improvement of instrument design level is self-evident. At the same time, the development and application of single-chip microcomputer is also more professional. From the 1980s to 1990s, the software and hardware development of 8-bit computers such as Z80, C51 and M6800 has required special training. In recent years, the development of more than 16 bit CPUs is far from simple and easy. This paper explores a simple and easy instrument development method, which avoids the complicated software and hardware development of embedded chip in the development process. Therefore, it not only simplifies the development process, shortens the development time, reduces the development cost, but also reduces the development professional technology threshold. Taking a complex automatic precision analysis instrument biochemical analyzer as an example, this paper discusses in detail the design and development scheme with domestic HOLLIAS LM Small PLC as the core. Before putting forward this technical idea, the rationality of this technical idea is analyzed from the aspects of design methodology, technical feasibility and performance price ratio. After fully understanding the operability of the technical assumption, the details of the specific implementation will be described in detail and comprehensively. 1、 Reviewing the design process of traditional instruments, modern automatic instruments and equipment have the following performance and characteristics: front-end signal detection, timely data acquisition, data processing, optical electromechanical integrated automatic device to realize its function, and man-machine operation interface. In addition, there must be a complete control program software package of upper and lower computers. In order to achieve the above performance, the embedded single board computer based on high-performance microprocessor seems to be the only choice for instrument design so far. Thus, after the specific performance requirements of the instrument are determined, the software and hardware design and manufacturing of single board computer will enter the agenda. This work is very professional and numerous. It is impossible for small companies to reserve so many professional and technical personnel, so it can not be completed by their own technical strength. Therefore, it is necessary to pay high design and development costs, and the joint commissioning of the software and hardware of the whole machine and external equipment also requires a lot of time, rework and redesign. Similarly, large companies do not have similar problems. Especially in the prototype trial production stage of exploring and innovating new technologies and methods. 2、 The proposal and feasibility analysis of the new design scheme are compared with the single board computer scheme. The concept of the so-called new scheme comes from my personal professional technical experience and exposure to different technical fields. The author has been engaged in the field of precision instrument design and industrial automation respectively. The performance of PLC technology, especially the domestic HOLLIAS LM series small PLC, gives me a technical space to re-examine the design scheme of precision instrument. From the perspective of design methodology, no one in the world stipulates that the automatic instrument must take the single board computer as the core. As long as the instrument design that can meet the user's requirements is a successful product, in other words, users and users do not care about the design process and internal structure of the instrument, they only care about the performance price ratio of the instrument. As designers, we should consider all design schemes, means and technical approaches that can achieve the expected performance, which is more in line with the ideological methods and design procedures of design methodology. Considering the technical feasibility, let's first look at the hardware requirements of electronic control. Generally, the system needs high-performance CPU, a certain amount of memory, Di, do, AI, Ao, communication ports with man-machine interface, and programs compiled according to specific operation requirements. For a single board computer or DSP system, these works are tantamount to compiling a set of special small operating system. In terms of hardware, it is often necessary to design the PCB board of single board computer or DSP. In today's SMT technology, it is not easy to design and improve such a system. Needless to say, the problem of debugging, even one or two Di extensions, need to redesign and change the PCB board.