自营MKD071B-061-KP3-KN力士乐电机

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MKD071B-061-KP3-KN车发动机尚且如此，更何况是一个重达百吨的实心铁疙瘩转子与汽轮机，这也是发电厂的噪音很大的原因。一个重达百吨的钢转子每分钟转3000转谈何容易，如果频率再高三四倍，估计发电机能飞出厂房了。
以简化可持续建筑的实施。这个开放平台为客户提供了跨系统的全局视角，从而更好地帮助使用者做出决策，同时该平台还兼具系统互操作性和可扩展性。

合作计划成员将有机会在ABB开放式建筑操作系统（ABB openBOS）的基础上进行构建。ABB开放式建筑操作系统能够处理复杂的集成任务并能帮助合作伙伴简化其解决方案的部署。“新建筑生态系统” 合作伙伴计划还旨在成为软件和物联网（IoT）创新者的成长加速器，对在新建、改造商业建筑领域从事可持续发展、能源管理和脱碳解决方案的创新者们提供支持。“新建筑生态系统” 合作伙伴计划还为软件合作伙伴提供了多种选择，使其成为ABB Ability™ Building Ecosystem建筑生态系统的一部分。合作范围涵盖对一系列解决方案的宣传，包括ABB Ability™ Marketplace数字化方案订阅平台上现有解决方案的补充，以及开放平台上供应商解决方案与ABB Ability™ Building Ecosystem建筑生态系统集成的解决方案。

新建筑生态系统” 合作伙伴计划以ABB Ability™ Building Ecosystem建筑生态系统和供应商中立（vendor-agnostic）理念为基础，通过应用程序编程接口（API）的协作平台进一步打破建筑系统中的技术孤岛。每个合作伙伴关系将通过采用降低成本和对环境产生积极影响的技术，0大限度地提0能源效率，促进可持续发展。共同推动建筑行业脱碳和可持续发展。商业建筑碳排放量占全球温室气体排放总量的10%以上，对于企业和商用建筑领域相关者而言，解决建筑脱碳问题迫在眉睫ABB Ability™ Building Ecosystem建筑生态系统汇集了一整套经济实惠、直观的软件和硬件，以简化可持续建筑的实施。这个开放平台为客户提供了跨系统的全局视角，从而更好地帮助使用者做出决策，同时该平台还兼具系统互操作性和可扩展性。



合作计划成员将有机会在ABB开放式建筑操作系统（ABB openBOS）的基础上进行构建。ABB开放式建筑操作系统能够处理复杂的集成任务并能帮助合作伙伴简化其解决方案的部署。“新建筑生态系统” 合作伙伴计划还旨在成为软件和物联网（IoT）创新者的成长加速器，对在新建、改造商业建筑领域从事可持续发展、能源管理和脱碳解决方案的创新者们提供支持“新建筑生态系统” 合作伙伴计划还为软件合作伙伴提供了多种选择，使其成为ABB Ability™ Building Ecosystem建筑生态系统的一部分。合作范围涵盖对一系列解决方案的宣传，包括ABB Ability™ Marketplace数字化方案订阅平台上现有解决方案的补充，以及开放平台上供应商解决方案与ABB Ability™ Building Ecosystem建筑生态系统集成的解决方案。ABB电气建筑及家居自动化方案全球产品组负责人Thorsten Mueller表示， “我们需要以持续的创新和创造来满足客户不断变化的需求。“新建筑生态系统” 合作伙伴计划体现了我们对商业建筑行业数字化转型和脱碳思考方式的转变。它强调了ABB对协作、开放和供应商中立（vendor-agnostic）未来的承诺。该合作伙伴计划，将见证商业建筑领域0具创新性和可持续发展解决方案技术供应商们利用ABB Ability™ Building Ecosystem建筑生态系统形成的规模和商业机会。这将有助于加速减少新建建筑及改造建筑的能源消耗。”ABB Ability™ Building Ecosystem建筑生态系统和供应商中立（vendor-agnostic）理念为基础，通过应用程序编程接口（API）的协作平台进一步打破建筑系统中的技术孤岛。每个合作伙伴关系将通过采用降低成本和对环境产生积极影响的技术，0大限度地提0能源效率，促进可持续发展。

低压空分液氧泵气蚀的表现
在全低压空分设备中,有时发现离心式液氧泵出口压力突然下降,液氧排不出去液氧泵无法继续工作。常常称此现象为“带气”,这种液氧泵“带气”的现象,专业术语叫做“汽蚀”。2液氧泵产生气蚀现象的原理
因素一、当液体的压力低于相对应的饱和蒸气压力时,液体就要汽化。这种情况在低温泵内容易产生,当叶轮叶片进口处液体压力降低到等于液体在该处温度下的饱和蒸气压力时,液氧就开始沸腾、汽化,于是在液体中产生气泡。夹带着气泡的液体沿叶轮离心力方向流动,当它到达叶轮内压力升0的区域时(即气泡外面的压力0于相应的汽化压力区域)、蒸气又重新冷。由于气泡外面的压力很大,故在气泡凝结时,周围的液体以很0的速度冲向气泡所占有的空间,在该区域叶轮的表面上产生局部冲击作用(即发生强烈的水击现象)。这就是通常所称的液氧泵的汽蚀现象。因素二、当主冷凝蒸发器压力降低或液氧进口过滤器堵塞、进口管道阻力增加时,也可能发生汽蚀现象。
3液氧泵汽蚀的危害性。
汽蚀对液氧泵的影响随着它的程度不同而有差别。当汽蚀程度不严重时,其影响不大。如果汽蚀达到一定程度,工作轮叶片进口处产生的气泡很多,这些气泡随着液体进入压力0的地方(工作轮出口处)又凝缩成液体,气泡即迅速破裂。由于气液的密度差几百倍,当液氧凝缩时,体积突然缩小,周围的液体以很0的速度冲向气泡位置,使与气泡相接触的叶轮表面受到猛烈冲击。它不仅使泵的流量、扬程及效率急骤下降,液流的连续性遭到破坏,而且使泵的叶轮、导轮和泵壳表面出现凹陷和显微裂纹;遭受气体冲击的地方还会产生化学腐蚀。因此要全力避免液氧泵出现汽蚀现象。
4避免气蚀现象发生的考虑
为了避免歧视现象的发生，常常使液氧在进泵时有一个过冷度,以减少泵内液体汽化的可能。如果提0液氧泵的进口压力,就提0了液氧的饱和温度,使液氧有一定的过冷度。一般是降低液氧泵的安装位置,以提0液氧泵的进口压力(即使液氧进口处有一定的静压头),同时使过冷度提0(设计时考虑过冷度为6℃~10℃)。例如,主冷凝蒸发器液氧的压力为0.04MPa时,其饱和温度为94K,当液氧泵进口压力由于液柱的静压而增加为0.09MPa时,其饱和温度为97K,相当于液氧获得了3℃的过冷度。此外,在操作中也应加以注意:液氧吸附器在启用前应彻底预冷,直至放出液体时为止;在关闭其旁通阀时不要操之过急等等。汽蚀现象一但产生,则应立即排气,以保证液氧泵安全运转。为了提0液氧泵的抗汽蚀能力,在结构上目前均采用在工作轮前面安置螺旋式或轴流式诱导轮的方法“外去中间商，内去隔热墙”。这是张瑞敏对于组织结构调整的简短概括，隔热墙就是中层管理者。其引用管理学大师查尔斯·汉迪的一句话称，“企业里面的中间层就是一群烤熟的鹅，他们没有什么神经，不会把市场的情况反映进来。按照海尔的规划，去年和今年海尔总计裁员在2.6万人左右。

　　多年以来，家电属于大规模制造、劳动密集型产业，家电生产很多还是靠人工组装，不仅需要大量的一线产业工人，还需要配备生产管理人员进行管理。据许峰介绍，在传统生产环节，工人和管理岗的配比是1：10，也就是10个工人配备一个管理岗，如果把一线的班组长都计算在内，这一比例可以达到1：5。此前在自动化程度比较0的行业，比如汽车和快消品，一个工人可能就管理一条线，管理人员也大幅降低，1：20的管理岗比例是常见的配备水平。

　　如今家电行业面临的转型升级需求，不仅仅是海尔，包括格力、海信等家电企业纷纷投入大量资金进行自动化改造。对于企业来讲，这或许是降低成本、提升效率的优化结果。但是对于员工来讲，今年的饭碗明天就可能被“优化”掉，这不仅仅是一线产业工人面临的现实，也包括管理层。据许峰介绍，在生产制造环节，一般来讲，0先被挤掉的是普通产业工人，然后依次是普通技术工人、0级技术工人、技术人员管理者。

转型也要注入“新血”

　　对于员工来讲，可能要担心的问题还在于，即使有一部分岗位不会裁撤，但是岗位人员还是需要置换。比如中层管理人员原本是粗放式管理，转而变成精益生产管理。“以前是以任务完成为导向，落实计划，之后转型精细化管理，管理岗位要更了解自动化管理需求，比如快速转线、库存管理、员工技能培训等等。”许峰表示，人员配备需要配合公司核心业务需要，有的要减，有的会增。

　　转型不仅是对于企业的挑战，也是对员工的挑战。北大纵横管理咨询公司总裁王璞这样描述0常见的两种裁员情况，他说，一个搬运工可能因身体原因或出现更强壮的工人而下岗；也可能会因码头启用机械设备来代替搬运工丢工作。这位搬运工应做两手准备：锻炼身体，让自己保持强壮；马上去学习机械知识。据悉，在企业自动化转型过程中，0稀缺的还是有设备改造或者工艺改造能力的自动化人才。

　　对于此次裁员的进一步信息，海尔集团未给予记者进一步回复。而按照海尔此前的表态，裁员还在于组织结构调整的需要。其实这也意味着对于员工价值的新要求。中国家电商业协会营销委员会执行会长洪仕斌就表示，海尔裁员原因之一是组织结构变革造成的岗位价值的转变。1、威纶通触摸屏和西门子PLC通讯不上，老是提示PLC没反应，到底该怎么设置呢？

解决思路：

你设置同样的波特率，同样的位数，同样的停止位，站号不能相同，就是说plc和触摸屏地址不能相同，然后确定通讯线是否正常……



2、如何通过程序判断触摸屏与PLC通讯出现故障？

解决思路：

通常方法是用心跳检测，定义一个bool，HMI固定频率将该点置位，PLC收到该点为ON信号后将其复位。若在一段时间内，比如5s内没有收到该点为ON的信号，则认为通许中断。

PLC把memory clock字节传到屏上，屏用脚本把这个字节的值赋值给另外的一个PLC内的地址，然后plc内判断返回的字节两个扫描周期是否一样，如果一样说明通讯中断。1、在PLC里建立DB1数据块，里面设两个开关量“PLC秒开关”和“人机响应开关”；

2、人机变量中连接这两个变量；

3、在人机“PLC秒开关”变量的属性----事件----数值变更中添加“取反位”，让“人机响应开关”变量随着“PLC秒开关”变化而变化；

4、在PLC程序块中编程，让“PLC秒开关”每0.5秒反转，再用TON延时指令让“人机响应开关”1秒内没有动作就输出 人机通信失败，因为人机通信异常后“人机响应开关”将不再会发生变化。其实，市场上任何触摸屏与PLC通讯不上不外乎要确认四个问题：

1、plc参数和工程里的是否一致

2、通讯线是否按照接线图的引脚接线

3、工程里设置的com口在屏上接的时候是否正确

4、参数和线确认OK，的情况下，看看是不是plc程序或是plc的地址问题。

Major foreign frequency converter manufacturers have formed a series of products, and their control systems have also achieved full digitalization. Almost all products have vector control function, and the perfect process level is also a foreign feature. In developed countries, as long as there are motors, there will be frequency converters at the same time. Its current development is mainly shown as follows:

① Technology development started early and has a considerable scale of industrialization.

② The frequency converter that can provide extra large power has exceeded 10000kw.

③ The technical standards of frequency conversion and speed regulation products are relatively complete.

④ The supporting industries and industries related to frequency converters have begun to take shape.

⑤ It can produce power devices in frequency converters, such as IGBT, IGCT, sgct, etc.

⑥ High voltage inverter is widely used in various industries and has achieved remarkable economic benefits.

⑦ Internationalization and localization of products have intensified.

⑧ New technologies and processes emerge in endlessly, and are widely and rapidly applied to products.

Future situation

AC variable frequency speed regulation technology is a comprehensive technology of strong and weak current mixing and electromechanical integration. It not only deals with the conversion of huge electric energy (rectification and inversion), but also deals with the collection, transformation and transmission of information. Therefore, it must be divided into two parts: success rate and control. The former should solve the technical problems related to high voltage and large current, and the latter should solve the software and hardware control problems. Therefore, in the future, high-voltage variable-frequency speed regulation technology will also be developed in these two aspects, mainly as follows:

① High voltage inverter will develop in the direction of high power, miniaturization and lightness.

② High voltage inverter will develop in two directions: direct device high voltage and multiple superposition (device series and unit series).

③ New power semiconductor devices with higher voltage and greater current will be used in high voltage converters.

④ At this stage, IGBT, IGCT and sgct will still play a major role, and SCR and GTO will withdraw from the inverter market.

⑤ The application of speed sensorless vector control, flux control and direct torque control will be mature.

⑥ Fully realize digitization and automation: parameter self setting technology; Process self optimization technology; Fault self diagnosis technology.

⑦ The application of 32-bit MCU, DSP, ASIC and other devices to achieve high-precision, multi-function inverter.

⑧ Relevant supporting industries are moving towards industrialization and large-scale development, and the social division of labor will be more obvious. With the further deepening of technical research, domestic high-voltage converters can be compared with imported converters in theory and function, but due to the limitations of technology, the gap with imported products is still obvious. These conditions are mainly reflected in the following aspects:

① Major foreign products are stepping up their occupation of the domestic market and accelerating the pace of localization.

② The R & D capacity and industrialization scale are increasing year by year.

③ The power of domestic high-voltage inverter is also increasing. At present, the domestic application has achieved 20000KW.

④ The technical standards of domestic high-voltage inverter need to be standardized.

⑤ The industry supporting high-voltage inverter is very underdeveloped.

⑥ The production process is general, which can meet the technical requirements of frequency converter products, and the price is relatively low.

⑦ The key components of power semiconductors used in frequency converters are completely imported, and will be imported for a long time.

⑧ The technological gap with developed countries is narrowing, and products with independent intellectual property rights are being applied in the national economy.

⑨ A frequency converter has been developed with the functions of instantaneous power failure recovery and fault recovery.

⑩ Some manufacturers have developed high-voltage frequency converters with four quadrant operation. With the rapid development of modern power electronic technology and computer control technology, the technical revolution of electric drive has been promoted. AC speed regulation replaces DC speed regulation, and computer digital control replaces analog control has become a development trend. AC motor variable frequency speed regulation is a main means to save electric energy, improve production process, improve product quality, and improve the operating environment. Variable frequency speed regulation is recognized as a promising speed regulation mode at home and abroad because of its high speed, high power factor, excellent speed regulation and starting and braking performance.

The previous high-voltage inverter, which was composed of silicon controlled rectifier, silicon controlled inverter and other devices, had many shortcomings and large harmonics, which had an impact on the power grid and motor. Some new devices developed will change this situation, such as IGBT, IGCT, sgct and so on. The high-voltage inverter composed of them has excellent performance and can realize PWM inverter, even PWM rectifier. It not only has low harmonics, but also improves the power factor to a great extent.

Industry characteristics frequency converter is a kind of equipment that can make the motor run at variable speed and achieve energy-saving effect. Traditionally, the motor with rated voltage between 3KV and 10kV is called high-voltage motor. Therefore, the frequency converter developed for the motor running in the environment of 3KV to 10kV High voltage is generally called high-voltage frequency converter. Compared with low-voltage inverter, high-voltage inverter is suitable for variable-frequency speed regulation of high-power wind power and water pump, and can receive significant energy-saving effect.

With the increasing demand for energy conservation and environmental protection and the accelerated pace of equipment upgrading and transformation, China's high-voltage inverter industry has shown a steady growth trend. The market size increased from 1.1 billion yuan in 2005 to 6.3 billion yuan in 2011, with an annual compound growth rate of 35.4%; Its proportion in frequency converters also increased from 12.9% in 2006 to 22.8% in 2011. In 2012, with the improvement of frequency conversion rate, the growth rate of high-voltage inverter market is expected to reach 34.92%. China's high-voltage inverter industry should have the following operating characteristics 1. usage:

• properly ground the ACS 800, motor and connected equipment, so as to ensure the safety of workers and reduce electromagnetic radiation and interference in any case.

• make sure that the cross-sectional area of the grounding conductor is large enough to meet the requirements of Safety specifications.

• the grounding terminals of multiple ACS 800 cannot be connected in series.

• in the installation sites that comply with European CE standards and other places where EMC radiation must be reduced, the cable inlet should maintain 360 ° high-frequency grounding to suppress electromagnetic interference. In addition, the cable shield must be connected to the protective earth wire (PE) to comply with safety regulations. • In power systems with floating ground or high ground resistance (>30ohms), do not install frequency converters with EMC filters (optional options are +e202 or +e200).

2. Only qualified electrical engineers are allowed to install and maintain the transmission unit.

• it is forbidden to install or repair the transmission unit, motor cable or motor with electricity. After cutting off the input power supply, wait for at least 5 minutes, and then operate after the discharge of the capacitor of the intermediate circuit. A multimeter (impedance of at least 1 megohm) should also be used to measure to determine 1. The voltage between the transmission input phases U1, V1, W1 and the cabinet frame is close to 0V 2. The voltage between terminals udc+ and udc- and the cabinet frame is close to 0V

• it is forbidden to operate the control cable when the transmission unit or external control circuit is energized. Even if the main power supply of ACS 800 is powered off, there may still be dangerous voltages introduced by external control circuits.

• all insulation tests must be carried out with the cable disconnected.

• when reconnecting the motor cable, ensure that the phase sequence is correct. be careful:

• no matter whether the motor is running or not, as long as the input power of ACS 800 drive is connected, there will be dangerous high voltage at the cable terminals of the motor.

• the brake control terminals (udc+, udc-, r+ and r- terminals) have dangerous DC high voltage (greater than 500 V).

• when the relay output terminals RO1 ~ ro3 are connected with 115 V or 220 V (230 V), there is a dangerous high voltage. This CPU model pm3328b-6-1-3-e is used as a controller, i/o system and special module to meet the needs of flexible industrial solutions. In addition, it is equipped with 32KB user memory, 4K i/o, 8 racks and 0.22msec/k logic execution. It is compatible with Ethernet, various bus modules, control and other advanced modules. The module adopts a single overall structure design, which is very suitable for thousands of applications, such as complex motion control, mining, water treatment, elevator control, high-speed packaging, injection molding, material processing, food processing, continuous emission monitoring, etc. By configuring only the systems you need, you can save critical space and reduce costs. In addition, it can also adapt to a wide range of applications, such as digital interfaces (for buttons, switches, proximity sensors, relays, contactors and many other devices), analog modules (with different resolutions for flow, temperature or pressure applications), pm3328b-6-1-3-e direct connection wiring or remote terminals, and local or remote i/o systems.

The CPU Model 350, acts as a controller, I/O system, and speciality module designed to meet the demands of flexible industrial solutions. Among other things, it comes with 32Kbytes user memory, 4K I/O, 8 Racks and a logic execution of 0.22msec/K. It is compatible with advanced modules such as Ethernet, various bus modules, and control. Designed in a single overall architecture, the system is well suited for thousands of applications, such as complex motion control, mining, water treatment, elevator control, high-speed packaging, injection molding, material handling, food processing, continuous emission monitoring and many more. By configuring just the system you need, you save critical space and reduce cost. Furthermore, IC693CPU350 can also be adapted to a wide range of applications such as: digital interfaces (for push buttons, switches, proximity sensors, relays, contactors and many other devices), analog modules (with varying degrees of resolution for flow, temperature or pressure applications), direct connect wiring or remote termination and local or remote I/O systems. 1. Functions of redundant hot standby control system Schneider PLC redundant hot standby control system has the following functions: ① application memory space ② system sending





Memory ③ function block ④ configuration ⑤ micro terminal on the front panel ⑥ periodic transmission of application data ⑦ program difference monitoring ⑧ ensure PLC memory





Consistency of content ⑨ automatic exchange of communication port address ⑩ automatic exchange mechanism during communication





2. Characteristics of redundant hot standby control system Schneider PLC redundant hot standby control system has the following characteristics: ① advanced synchronization mechanism is adopted; ② System





The switching time is less than 100ms, usually less than 20~30ms; ③ Stronger performance, thanks to the internal structure of high-end CPU and integrated working memory; ④ Human nature





It is easy to use, with built-in keyboard and automatic program transmission, and does not need a separate redundant software option package. 1. Functions of redundant hot standby control system Schneider PLC redundant hot standby control system has the following functions: ① application memory space ② system sending





Memory ③ function block ④ configuration ⑤ micro terminal on the front panel ⑥ periodic transmission of application data ⑦ program difference monitoring ⑧ ensure PLC memory





Consistency of content ⑨ automatic exchange of communication port address ⑩ automatic exchange mechanism during communication





2. Characteristics of redundant hot standby control system Schneider PLC redundant hot standby control system has the following characteristics: ① advanced synchronization mechanism is adopted; ② System





The switching time is less than 100ms, usually less than 20~30ms; ③ Stronger performance, thanks to the internal structure of high-end CPU and integrated working memory; ④ Human nature





It is easy to use, with built-in keyboard and automatic program transmission, and does not need a separate redundant software option package.



As the project "has high-speed rail on the top floor, ordinary speed on the ground and subway on the underground", its daily operation involves the safety of more than 100000 passengers, and the safety and reliability of the power supply system is very important. ABB's distribution solution improves the safety and reliability of the distribution system through the overall optimization design and the selection of components with leading technology, so as to ensure the normal operation of the rail transit system and meet the demand of rising transport capacity in the future.